Money markets are used by government and corporate entities as a means for borrowing and lending in the short term, usually for assets being held for up to a year. Conversely, capital markets are more frequently used for long-term assets, which are those with maturities of greater than one year.
Capital markets include the equity (stock) market and debt (bond) market. Together, money markets and capital markets comprise a large portion of the financial market and are often used together to manage liquidity and risks for companies, governments and individuals.
Capital Markets
Capital markets are perhaps the most widely followed markets. Both the stock and bond markets are closely followed, and their daily movements are analyzed as proxies for the general economic condition of the world markets. As a result, the institutions operating in capital markets – stock exchanges, commercial banks and all types of corporations, including non-bank institutions such as insurance companies and mortgage banks – are carefully scrutinized.The institutions operating in the capital markets access them to raise capital for long-term purposes, such as for a merger or acquisition, to expand a line of business or enter into a new business, or for other capital projects. Entities that are raising money for these long-term purposes come to one or more capital markets. In the bond market, companies may issue debt in the form of corporate bonds, while both local and federal governments may issue debt in the form of government bonds.
Similarly, companies may decide to raise money by issuing equity on the stock market. Government entities are typically not publicly held and, therefore, do not usually issue equity. Companies and government entities that issue equity or debt are considered the sellers in these markets. (See also: What Are the Differences Between Debt and Equity Markets?)
The buyers (or the investors) buy the stocks or bonds of the sellers and trade them. If the seller (or issuer) is placing the securities on the market for the first time, then the market is known as the primary market.
Conversely, if the securities have already been issued and are now being traded among buyers, this is done on the secondary market. Sellers make money off the sale in the primary market, not in the secondary market, although they do have a stake in the outcome (pricing) of their securities in the secondary market.
The buyers of securities in the capital market tend to use funds that are targeted for longer-term investment. Capital markets are risky markets and are not usually used to invest short-term funds. Many investors access the capital markets to save for retirement or education, as long as the investors have lengthy time horizons. (For related reading, see Types of Financial Markets and Their Roles.)
Money Market
The money market is often accessed alongside the capital markets. While investors are willing to take on more risk and have patience to invest in capital markets, money markets are a good place to "park" funds that are needed in a shorter time period – usually one year or less. The financial instruments used in capital markets include stocks and bonds, but the instruments used in the money markets include deposits, collateral loans, acceptances and bills of exchange. Institutions operating in money markets are central banks, commercial banks and acceptance houses, among others.Money markets provide a variety of functions for either individual, corporate or government entities. Liquidity is often the main purpose for accessing money markets. When short-term debt is issued, it's often for the purpose of covering operating expenses or working capital for a company or government and not for capital improvements or large-scale projects. Companies may want to invest funds overnight and look to the money market to accomplish this, or they may need to cover payroll and look to the money market to help.
The money market plays a key role assuring companies and governments maintain the appropriate level of liquidity on a daily basis, without falling short and needing a more expensive loan or without holding excess funds and missing the opportunity of gaining interest on funds. (See also: Money Market Instruments.)
Investors, on the other hand, use money markets to invest funds in a safe manner. Unlike capital markets, money markets are considered low risk; risk-averse investors are willing to access them with the anticipation that liquidity is readily available. Those individuals living on a fixed income often use money markets because of the safety associated with these types of investments.
The Bottom Line
There are both differences and similarities between capital and money markets. From the issuer or seller's standpoint, both markets provide a necessary business function: maintaining adequate levels of funding. The goal for which sellers access each market varies depending on their liquidity needs and time horizon.Similarly, investors or buyers have unique reasons for going to each market: capital markets offer higher-risk investments, while money markets offer safer assets; money market returns are often low but steady, while capital markets offer higher returns. The magnitude of capital market returns often has a direct correlation to the level of risk, but that's not always the case. (See also: Financial Concepts: The Risk/Return Tradeoff.)
Although markets are deemed efficient in the long run, short-term inefficiencies allow investors to capitalize on anomalies and reap higher rewards that may be out of proportion to the level of risk. Those anomalies are exactly what investors in capital markets try to uncover. Although money markets are considered safe, they have occasionally experienced negative returns. Inadvertent risk, although unusual, highlights the risks inherent in investing – whether putting money to work for the short-term or long-term in money markets or capital markets.
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Many think that trade and commerce
are the same terms and can be used interchangeably. But the fact is both the
terms are different from each other and carry different meanings. Trade simply
means buying and selling of goods and services in return for money or money’s
worth whereas commerce not only refers to the exchange of goods and services
but also includes all those activities that are vital for the completion of
that exchange. To further comprehend the understanding of these two terms the
basic comparison is given below:
Content:
Trade Vs Commerce
Basis
for Comparison
|
Trade
|
Commerce
|
Meaning
|
Trade means the exchange of goods
and services between two or more parties in consideration of money or money’s
worth.
|
Commerce means exchange of goods
and services between the parties along with the activities such as insurance,
transportation, warehousing, advertising etc that completes that exchange.
|
Scope
|
Narrow
|
Wide
|
Type of Activity
|
Social Activity
|
Economic Activity
|
Frequency of Transactions
|
Isolated
|
Regular
|
Employment opportunities
|
No
|
Yes
|
Link
|
Between buyer and seller
|
Between producer and consumer
|
Demand and supply side
|
Represents both
|
Represents only the demand side
|
Capital requirement
|
More
|
Less
|
In trade, the ownership of goods or
services is transferred from one person to the another in consideration of cash
or cash equivalents. Trade can be done between two parties or more than two
parties. When the buying and selling take place between two persons, it is
called bilateral trade whereas when it is done between more than two persons
then it is called multilateral trade.
Earlier the trade was little
cumbersome since it followed the barter system where goods were exchanged in
return of other goods or commodities. It is hard to evaluate the exact value
because of the different commodities type involved in the exchange. With the
advent of money, this process became more convenient for both the sellers and
buyers.
Trade can be domestic as well as
foreign. Domestic trade means within the border of the country and foreign
trade means across the borders. Foreign trade is done through investment in
securities or funds and can be termed as imports and exports.
Definition
of Commerce
Commerce includes all the activities
that help in facilitating the exchange of goods and services from the
manufacturer or the producer to the ultimate consumers. Majorly the activities
are transportation, banking, insurance, advertising, warehousing, etc. that act
as an aide in the successful completion of the exchange.
Once the products are manufactured
these cannot reach directly to the customer, the same has to pass through a
series of activities. The first wholesaler will purchase the product and with the
use of transportation, the goods will be made available to the stores and at
the same banking and insurance service will be availed by him to have
protection against the loss of goods. The retailer will then sell to the
ultimate consumer. All these activities come under the commerce head.
In short, it can be said that
commerce is the branch of business that helps to overcome all the hindrances
that arise in the facilitation of exchange. Its major function is to satisfy
human wants both basic and secondary by making the goods available to different
parts of the country. No matter where the goods have been manufactured the
commerce has made it possible to reach the world – wide.
Following are the major differences
between trade and commerce:
- Trade is selling and buying of goods and services between two or more parties in consideration of cash and cash equivalents.Commerce includes the exchange of goods and services along with activities viz. banking, insurance, advertising, transportation, warehousing, etc. to complement the exchange.
- Trade is a narrow term that merely includes the selling and buying whereas commerce is a wider term that includes exchange as well as the several revenues generating activities that complete the exchange.
- Trade is generally done to satisfy the need of both the seller and the buyer which is more of a social perspective. Whereas the commerce is more economical in nature because of the involvement of several parties whose primary aim is to generate the revenue.
- Trade is generally a single time transaction between the parties that may or may not reoccur. Whereas in commerce the transactions are regular and occur again and again.
- The trade involves two parties the seller and the buyer who facilitates the exchange without employing anyone in between. Whereas in commerce exchange is done with the support of several departments thereby giving them employment opportunities.
- Trade provides a link between the seller and the buyer, the direct parties involved in the exchange. Whereas the commerce provides a link between manufacturer and the ultimate customer, who are not direct parties, with the help of several aides of distribution.
- Trade represents both the side of demand and supply where both the parties know what is demanded and what is to be supplied. Whereas in commerce only the demand side is known i.e. what is demanded in the market and then making that available through various channels of distribution.
- Trade requires more capital because the stock has to be kept ready that is entitled to the sale and also the cash has to be kept ready for the immediate payment. Whereas in commerce the capital required is less because there are different parties involved who have to manage their resources individually without imposing a burden on one.
Hence it can be concluded that trade
is the branch of commerce that deals in only the exchange of goods and services
whereas commerce are the comprehensive term that includes all the major
activities that facilitate the exchange and generates the revenue for all. Thus
we can say commerce is the branch of business that keeps everything together
and make the successful completion of the distribution of goods and services.
Read more: http://keydifferences.com
... ... ... ... ...
Commerce
vs Business
The
words commerce and business have similar connotations and there is a tendency
of people to talk about these terms in the same breath as if both were same.
However, there are differences in the two concepts which will be highlighted in
this article.
Commerce
is an abstract idea that refers to activities of buying and selling of goods
and services whereas business is more physical in the sense that it can be
owned by a person. A person can own a business but he certainly doesn’t own
commerce. Similarly a company does business with its clients and not commerce
though the activities of the company come within the purview of the broader
term commerce.
Commerce
is much closer in meaning to trade and trade related activities such as
communication, transportation, insurance, and so on. On the other hand,
business is an activity that is undertaken with the sole motive of making
profits. If one tries to represent trade, commerce and business through Venn
diagrams, trade and commerce appear to be subsets of business which is the
largest circle containing both trade and commerce. Commerce is thus a part of
all the activities that are carried out in the name of business such as
planning, advertising, selling, buying, marketing, accounting and supervising
manufacturing etc. Commerce is just the buying and selling part of business
thus being smaller in scope than business. The difference between these two
terms is also reflected in the relative importance of the courses of commerce
and business. Whereas a student studying commerce is just a simple arts
graduate, a student studying business holds a professional degree that opens
doors of many more opportunities.
___________________
About India VIX* 3) The forward index level:India VIX is computed using out-of-the-money option contracts. Out-of-the-money option contracts are identified using forward index level. The forward index level helps in determining the at-the-money (ATM) strike which in turn helps in selecting the option contracts which shall be used for computing India VIX. The forward index level is taken as the latest available price of NIFTY future contract for the respective expiry month. “VIX” is a trademark of Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated (“CBOE”) and Standard & Poor’shas granted a license to NSE, with permission from CBOE, to use such mark in the name of the India VIXand for purposes relating to the India VIX.4) Bid-Ask QuotesThe strike price of NIFTY option contract available just below the forward index level is taken as the ATM strike. NIFTY option Call contracts with strike price above the ATM strike and NIFTY option Put contracts with strike price below the ATM strike are identified as out-of-the-money options and best bid and ask quotes of such option contracts are used for computation of India VIX. In respect of strikes for which appropriate quotes are not available, values are arrived through interpolation using a statistical method namely “Natural Cubic Spline”After identification of the quotes, the variance (volatility squared) is computed separately for near and mid month expiry. The variance is computed by providing weightages to each of the NIFTY option contracts identified for the computation, as per the CBOE method. The weightage of a single option contract is directly proportional to the average of best bid-ask quotes of the option contract and inversely proportional to the option contract’s strike price
Computation of India VIXThe variance for the near and mid month expiry computed separately are interpolated to get a single variance value with a constant maturity of 30 days to expiration. The square root of the computed variance value is multiplied by 100 to arrive at the India VIX value.
For further details please refer to the white paper with the detailed methodology on computation of India VIX at www.nseindia.com
The trades cycle or business cycle are cyclical fluctuations of an economy. A full trade cycle has got four phases: (i) Recovery, (ii) Boom, (iii) Recession, and (iv) depression. The upward phase of a trade cycle or prosperity is divided into two stages—recovery and boom, and the downward phase of a trade cycle is also divided into two stages—recession and depression.
As a result, demand for goods will press upon their supply and it shall, thereby, lead to a rise in prices. The demand for consumer’s goods shall encourage the demand for producer’s goods.
The rise in prices shall depend upon the gestation period of investment. The longer the period of investment, the higher shall be the price rise. The rise of prices shall bring about a change in the distribution of income. Rent, wages, interest do not rise in the same proportion as prices.
Consequently, the margin of profit improves. The wholesale prices rise more than retail prices. The prices of raw materials rise more than the prices of semi-finished goods and the prices of semi-finished goods use more than the prices of finished goods.
The distribution of national income changes. As the costs are rigid in nature, the margin of profit declines. Machines are not used to their full capacity in factories, because effective demand is much less. The prices of finished goods fall less than the prices of raw materials.
_______________________________________________
The four important features of Trade Cycle are (i) Recovery, (ii) Boom, (iii) Recession, and (iv) Depression!The trades cycle or business cycle are cyclical fluctuations of an economy. A full trade cycle has got four phases: (i) Recovery, (ii) Boom, (iii) Recession, and (iv) depression. The upward phase of a trade cycle or prosperity is divided into two stages—recovery and boom, and the downward phase of a trade cycle is also divided into two stages—recession and depression.
Phases of Trade Cycle:
The phases of trade cycle are explained with a diagram:
(1) Recovery:
In the early period of recovery, entrepreneurs increase the level of investment which in turn increases employment and income. Employment increases purchasing power and this leads to an increase in demand for consumer goods.As a result, demand for goods will press upon their supply and it shall, thereby, lead to a rise in prices. The demand for consumer’s goods shall encourage the demand for producer’s goods.
The rise in prices shall depend upon the gestation period of investment. The longer the period of investment, the higher shall be the price rise. The rise of prices shall bring about a change in the distribution of income. Rent, wages, interest do not rise in the same proportion as prices.
Consequently, the margin of profit improves. The wholesale prices rise more than retail prices. The prices of raw materials rise more than the prices of semi-finished goods and the prices of semi-finished goods use more than the prices of finished goods.
(2) Boom:
The rate of investment increases still further. Owing to the spread of a wave of optimism in business, the level of production increases and the boom gathers momentum. More investment is possible only through credit creation. During a period of boom, the economy surpasses the level of full employment and enters a stage of over full employment.(3) Recession:
The orders for raw materials are reduced on the onset of a recession. The rate of investment in producers’ goods industries and housing construction declines. Liquidity preference rises in society and owing to a contraction of money supply, the prices falls. A wave of pessimism spreads in business and those markets which were sometime before sellers markets become buyer’s markets now.(4) Depression:
The main feature of a depression is a general fall in economic activity. Production, employment and income decline. The prices fall and the main factor responsible for it is, a fall in the purchasing power.The distribution of national income changes. As the costs are rigid in nature, the margin of profit declines. Machines are not used to their full capacity in factories, because effective demand is much less. The prices of finished goods fall less than the prices of raw materials.
_________________________________________
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Background
Made public in 1983, the Summary of Commentary on Current Economic Conditions by Federal Reserve District, or Beige Book, as it is known, has a different style and tone than many other indicators. Rather than being filled with raw data, the Beige Book takes a more conversational approach. The book has 13 sections in total; 12 regional reports from each of the member Fed district banks, preceded by one national summary drawn from the individual reports that follow it. This is the first chance investors have to see how the Fed draws logical and intuitive conclusions from the raw data presented in other indicator releases.
The Beige Book is published eight times per year, just before each of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meetings. While it is used by committee members during the meeting itself, it does not carry more clout than other data values and indicators. There is a lot of real-time data that the Fed has at its disposal and, unfortunately, notes from the FOMC meetings themselves are currently not public information.
The Beige Book aims to give to give a broad overview of the economy, bringing many variables and indicators into the mix. Discussion will be about things such as labor markets, wage and price pressures, retail and ecommerce activity and manufacturing output. Investors can see comments that are forward-looking; the Beige Book will contain comments that look to predict trends and anticipate changes over the next few months or quarters.
What it Means for Investors
The Beige Book by itself is not likely to have a big effect on the markets in the short term, mainly because no new data series is presented here.
Investors and Fed watchers look to the Beige Book to gain insight into the next FOMC meeting. Is there language that shows fear about inflation? Do the reports suggest that the economy needs a financial boost to continue growing? This is the critical information that will be analyzed in the Beige Book.
To read the Beige Book effectively, one must become accustomed to "Fed speak", a special verbiage of measured remarks intentionally designed to say a little without ever saying a lot. The last thing the Fed wants to do with its words is corner itself into a pre-supposed policy decision prior to the next FOMC meeting. Investors won't ever see a definitive statement about the Fed going one way or the other with monetary policy, but there may be valuable clues in the Beige Book - at least for the trained eye. (For related reading, see Formulating Monetary Policy.)
The Fed directors and their staffs will use their very long proverbial arms to obtain an economic pulse that can't be found in any other indicator's report. They will interview business leaders, bank presidents, members of other Fed boards and hundreds of other informal networks before writing the reports that will be compiled in the Beige Book.
Investors who hold investments that conduct business in specific regions of the country may find valuable information about how those areas are performing as a whole. For instance, a stockholder in a regional bank operating in the Southeastern U.S. would want to know what the Atlanta Fed Bank says about the health of that region.
Occasionally, the Beige Book will give evidence that may contradict what a previous indicator has presented; the Employment Report may suggest that there is slack in the labor market, while Beige Book reports may give anecdotal evidence that wage pressures are forming, or that certain specific labor markets are tight. (For more on this topic, read Surveying The Employment Report.)
On rare occasions, the Beige Book will be released at a time when information is badly needed in the markets; shock events like the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks or a stock market crash can effectively wipe the data slate clean, and investors will count on the Fed to help describe the relative state of affairs during these tumultuous times.
Strengths:
Weaknesses:
The Closing Line
The Beige Book is not likely to send shock waves through the market on its release, but it provides an original point of view about economic activity and is a marked departure from the dry raw data releases of the other indicators. It also gives investors insight into how the Fed approaches its monetary policy decisions and responsibilities.
Next: Economic Indicators: Business Outlook Survey
Background
The Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) is a monthly release from the Conference Board, a non-profit business group that is highly regarded by investors and the Federal Reserve. CCI is a unique indicator, formed from survey results of more than 5,000 households and designed to gauge the relative financial health, spending power and confidence of the average consumer.
There are three separate headline figures: one for how people feel currently (Index of Consumer Sentiment), one for how they feel the general economy is going (Current Economic Conditions), and the third for how they see things in six months' time (Index of Consumer Expectations).
The Consumer Sentiment Index is a component of the Conference Board’s template of economic indicators. Historically, changes in this index (of the three released) has tracked the leading edge of the business cycle well.
There are other sentiment indicators that can sometimes be confused with the Consumer Sentiment report or used in conjunction with it, such as the University of Michigan Sentiment Report, and some investors will try to average the two reports to get their own sense of consumer sentiment. (For background reading, see Understanding The Consumer Confidence Index and Consumer Confidence: A Killer Statistic.)
What it Means for Investors
A strong consumer confidence report, especially at a time when the economy is lagging behind estimates, can move the market by making investors more willing to purchase equities. The idea behind consumer confidence is that a happy consumer - one who feels that his or her standard of living is increasing - is more likely to spend more and make bigger purchases, like a new car or home.
It is a highly subjective survey, and the results should be interpreted as such. People can grab onto a small situation that garners a lot of mainstream press, such as gas prices, and use that as their basis for overall economic conditions, fair or not. There are no real data sets here, and people are not economists, so they cannot be counted on to realize that, for example, because gas prices may only represent 5% of their expenses, they should not sour their entire economic outlook.
Because of its subjective nature and relatively small sample size, most economists will look at moving averages of between three and six months for consumer confidence figures before predicting a major shift in sentiment; some also feel that index level changes of at least five points are necessary before calling for the reversal of an existing trend. In general, however, rising consumer confidence will trend in line with rising retail sales and, personal consumption and expenditures, consumer-driven indicators that relate to spending patterns.
Regional breakdowns of the data are valuable for seeing the breadth of sentiment across the country, which can be a useful factor in the real estate market, along with indicators such as housing starts and existing home sales.
Strengths
జనుల బలహీనతలే ఒకరి నాయకత్వం. అంటే, నాయకుని యొక్క నాయకత్వపు అస్థిత్వము ప్రజల బలహీనత పైనే ఆధార పడుతుంది.ప్రకృతిలో బలహీనత అనునది ఉంటే, బలము కూడా ఉంటుంది. ప్రజ నిరంతరం అభద్రతా భావము పొందుతూ ఉంటాడు. అన్ని విధాలా అతనికి రక్షణ అవసరము. ఆ రక్షణ తనకు తాను స్వతంత్రముగా కల్పించు కొన జాలడు, అందుకని తనకు అన్నివిధాల రక్షణ కల్పించే సామర్థ్యం ఉన్న అతనిని నాయకునిగా అంగీకరిస్తాడు. నాయకినికి ఉన్న ఆ యొక్క సామర్థ్యమే బలము, నాయకత్వపు లక్షణాలు. ప్రజా కు రక్షణ కల్పించాలి అంటే నాయకుడు భాద్యత గా స్వీకరిస్తాడు. ఆ భాద్యత తోనే తన రాచరికపు జీవనానికి మిట్లు నిర్మిస్తాడు. తన భాద్యత నిర్వర్తించడానికి ప్రజా పై కొన్ని ఆంక్షలు విధిస్తాడు. ఆంక్షలు రాజరికానికి మూలస్థంబాలు.ప్రజా వాటిని ఎత్తి పరిస్థితులలోనూ ఉల్లంఘించడానికి వీలు లేదు. అల్లా ఏ స్వాతంత్రము కొరకు ప్రజా అతని నాయకత్వాన్ని అంగీకరించాడో ఆ స్వాతంత్రం కోల్పోతాడు. కాని ఆశ్చర్యకరమైన ధీ ఏమిటి అంటే ప్రజా స్వతంత్రముగా ఉన్నట్లుగానే భావిస్తాడు. ఐతే అతని జీవనానికి రక్షణ ఉంటుంది. నాయకత్వం అంగీకరించిన తరువాత అతను పొందే ఏకైక లబ్ది రక్షణ మాత్రమే. తన రక్షణ తాను చేసుకోలీని దుర్బలుడు, అందుకే నాయకుని ద్వారా రక్షణ పొందుతాడు. తన రక్షణ తాను చేసుకో గలిగిన వాడు బలవంతుడు. తన రక్షణ ఏ కాకుండా ఇతరుల రక్షణ కూడా చేయగలిగిన వాడు నాయకుడు. ఇక్కడ దుర్బలుడు మరియు నాయకుని అస్తిత్వం దీర్ఘకాలం మన్నుతుంది. బలవంతుడి అస్తిత్వం గాలిలో దీపం లాంటిది. అందుకే బలముతో బాటు నాయకత్వ లక్షణాలు ఉండాలి, అలా కాని పక్షంలో అతని జీవన రక్షణకు నాయకుని ఆశ్రయించక తప్పదు.అయితే సాధారణ ప్రజా కంటే బలవంతునికి ఉన్నత స్థానం ఉంటుంది. ఇలా బలవంతుడికి, సమర్తుడికి అతని యోగ్యతని గుర్తించి తగిన స్థానం కల్పించడం నాయకత్వపు లక్షణం. నాయకుడను వాడు అన్నివిధాల ఉన్నతుడై ఉండాలి. బలమైన వ్యక్తిత్వమున్న వాడు నాయకుడి అవుతాడు...vali,15-1-1998; 12.55pm
Economic Indicators: Overview
By Ryan Barnes
Every week there are dozens of economic surveys and indicators
released. In the past, experienced professionals and economists have had an
advantage in receiving this data in a timely fashion. Fortunately, the
emergence of the internet has changed this situation by giving everyone access.
Economic indicators can have a huge impact on the market; therefore, knowing how to interpret and analyze them is important for all investors. In this tutorial, we'll cover some of the most important economic indicators. You'll learn where to find them, how to read them and what they can tell you about he health of the economy - and your investments.
Next: Economic Indicators: Beige Book
Economic indicators can have a huge impact on the market; therefore, knowing how to interpret and analyze them is important for all investors. In this tutorial, we'll cover some of the most important economic indicators. You'll learn where to find them, how to read them and what they can tell you about he health of the economy - and your investments.
Next: Economic Indicators: Beige Book
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Economic Indicators: Beige Book
Background
Made public in 1983, the Summary of Commentary on Current Economic Conditions by Federal Reserve District, or Beige Book, as it is known, has a different style and tone than many other indicators. Rather than being filled with raw data, the Beige Book takes a more conversational approach. The book has 13 sections in total; 12 regional reports from each of the member Fed district banks, preceded by one national summary drawn from the individual reports that follow it. This is the first chance investors have to see how the Fed draws logical and intuitive conclusions from the raw data presented in other indicator releases.
The Beige Book is published eight times per year, just before each of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meetings. While it is used by committee members during the meeting itself, it does not carry more clout than other data values and indicators. There is a lot of real-time data that the Fed has at its disposal and, unfortunately, notes from the FOMC meetings themselves are currently not public information.
The Beige Book aims to give to give a broad overview of the economy, bringing many variables and indicators into the mix. Discussion will be about things such as labor markets, wage and price pressures, retail and ecommerce activity and manufacturing output. Investors can see comments that are forward-looking; the Beige Book will contain comments that look to predict trends and anticipate changes over the next few months or quarters.
What it Means for Investors
The Beige Book by itself is not likely to have a big effect on the markets in the short term, mainly because no new data series is presented here.
Investors and Fed watchers look to the Beige Book to gain insight into the next FOMC meeting. Is there language that shows fear about inflation? Do the reports suggest that the economy needs a financial boost to continue growing? This is the critical information that will be analyzed in the Beige Book.
To read the Beige Book effectively, one must become accustomed to "Fed speak", a special verbiage of measured remarks intentionally designed to say a little without ever saying a lot. The last thing the Fed wants to do with its words is corner itself into a pre-supposed policy decision prior to the next FOMC meeting. Investors won't ever see a definitive statement about the Fed going one way or the other with monetary policy, but there may be valuable clues in the Beige Book - at least for the trained eye. (For related reading, see Formulating Monetary Policy.)
The Fed directors and their staffs will use their very long proverbial arms to obtain an economic pulse that can't be found in any other indicator's report. They will interview business leaders, bank presidents, members of other Fed boards and hundreds of other informal networks before writing the reports that will be compiled in the Beige Book.
Investors who hold investments that conduct business in specific regions of the country may find valuable information about how those areas are performing as a whole. For instance, a stockholder in a regional bank operating in the Southeastern U.S. would want to know what the Atlanta Fed Bank says about the health of that region.
Occasionally, the Beige Book will give evidence that may contradict what a previous indicator has presented; the Employment Report may suggest that there is slack in the labor market, while Beige Book reports may give anecdotal evidence that wage pressures are forming, or that certain specific labor markets are tight. (For more on this topic, read Surveying The Employment Report.)
On rare occasions, the Beige Book will be released at a time when information is badly needed in the markets; shock events like the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks or a stock market crash can effectively wipe the data slate clean, and investors will count on the Fed to help describe the relative state of affairs during these tumultuous times.
Strengths:
- Contains forward-looking comments - the Fed districts aim to draw relative conclusions in the Beige Book, not just regurgitate facts already presented
- Gives investors a "man on the street" perspective of economic health by taking first-hand accounts from business owners, economist, and the like
- Aims to put pieces from different reports together into an explanatory whole, giving qualitative measurements instead of quantitative figures
- It's the only indicator that gives reports by geographic region, rather than just by industry group or sector.
- Most regions will report on the state of the service industries, an area not well covered in other indicator reports, although it is a large component of real gross domestic product.
Weaknesses:
- Rarely is any new statistical data presented, only anecdotal reports
- Filled with measured "Fed-speak"
- Specific industry conclusions are hard to draw from the report.
- Each Fed district can use its discretion on what to include in its report; one region may discuss manufacturing activity while others don't report on the topic.
- Private forecasts compiled by economists and analysts tend to closely match what is reported in the Beige Book, so estimates rarely change following the release.
The Closing Line
The Beige Book is not likely to send shock waves through the market on its release, but it provides an original point of view about economic activity and is a marked departure from the dry raw data releases of the other indicators. It also gives investors insight into how the Fed approaches its monetary policy decisions and responsibilities.
Next: Economic Indicators: Business Outlook Survey
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Economic Indicators: Business Outlook Survey
Background The Philadelphia Federal Reserve's Business Outlook Survey (also known as the Philadelphia Fed Report) is a monthly survey of manufacturing purchasing managers conducting business around the tri-state area of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. The survey is conducted in the vein of the Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) report; it questions voluntary participants about their outlook on things such as employment, new orders, shipments, inventories and prices paid. Answers are given in the form of "better", "worse" or "same" as the previous month, and, as with the PMI, results are diffused into an index, only this index uses a median value for expansion of 0, rather than 50. The Philly Fed Report signals expansion when it is above zero and contraction when below. As a result, values can be negative month to month. The survey has been conducted each month since May 1968, and is considered one of the most valuable regional purchasing manager indexes (There are currently almost 15 such regional reports, covering much of the U.S., albeit in piecemeal fashion). What it Means for Investors As far as regional manufacturing reports go, the Philly Fed Report is one of the most watched, both for its early delivery to investors (released before the month is even over), and its blend of manufacturing sectors and businesses. The Philly Fed Report, along with the Chicago NAPM Index, have shown high correlations to the upcoming and hugely followed PMI report. This index isn't typically a big market mover (due to its small sample size and limited geographic range), but if a big surprise in terms of percentage change appears in the report, quick-thinking investors may anticipate similar changes to the PMI and make market moves accordingly. The report is presented with solid commentary from the Reserve Bank itself, and often includes special survey questions that may be extremely timely if the economy is unsure of future growth possibilities. Strengths:
Weaknesses:
The Closing Line The Philly Fed Report may be the most respected of all the regional purchasing manager reports. It should not be acted on in isolation, but it does represent a diverse area of the country, and has shown more than a 75% correlation to the upcoming PMI in studies. Therefore, it contains clues about the general market. Next: Economic Indicators: Consumer Confidence Index (CCI)
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Economic Indicators: Consumer Confidence Index (CCI)
Background
The Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) is a monthly release from the Conference Board, a non-profit business group that is highly regarded by investors and the Federal Reserve. CCI is a unique indicator, formed from survey results of more than 5,000 households and designed to gauge the relative financial health, spending power and confidence of the average consumer.
There are three separate headline figures: one for how people feel currently (Index of Consumer Sentiment), one for how they feel the general economy is going (Current Economic Conditions), and the third for how they see things in six months' time (Index of Consumer Expectations).
The Consumer Sentiment Index is a component of the Conference Board’s template of economic indicators. Historically, changes in this index (of the three released) has tracked the leading edge of the business cycle well.
There are other sentiment indicators that can sometimes be confused with the Consumer Sentiment report or used in conjunction with it, such as the University of Michigan Sentiment Report, and some investors will try to average the two reports to get their own sense of consumer sentiment. (For background reading, see Understanding The Consumer Confidence Index and Consumer Confidence: A Killer Statistic.)
What it Means for Investors
A strong consumer confidence report, especially at a time when the economy is lagging behind estimates, can move the market by making investors more willing to purchase equities. The idea behind consumer confidence is that a happy consumer - one who feels that his or her standard of living is increasing - is more likely to spend more and make bigger purchases, like a new car or home.
It is a highly subjective survey, and the results should be interpreted as such. People can grab onto a small situation that garners a lot of mainstream press, such as gas prices, and use that as their basis for overall economic conditions, fair or not. There are no real data sets here, and people are not economists, so they cannot be counted on to realize that, for example, because gas prices may only represent 5% of their expenses, they should not sour their entire economic outlook.
Because of its subjective nature and relatively small sample size, most economists will look at moving averages of between three and six months for consumer confidence figures before predicting a major shift in sentiment; some also feel that index level changes of at least five points are necessary before calling for the reversal of an existing trend. In general, however, rising consumer confidence will trend in line with rising retail sales and, personal consumption and expenditures, consumer-driven indicators that relate to spending patterns.
Regional breakdowns of the data are valuable for seeing the breadth of sentiment across the country, which can be a useful factor in the real estate market, along with indicators such as housing starts and existing home sales.
Strengths
- One of few indicators that reaches out to average households
- Has historically been a good predictor of consumer spending and, therefore, the gross domestic product (consumer spending makes up more than two-thirds of real GDP)
Weaknesses:
- A subjective survey with no physical data sets
- Small sample size (only 5,000 households)
- Survey results may contradict other indicators, such as GDP and the Labor Report
The Closing Line
Sentiment indicators can carry a lot of weight - there are so few that are standardized like Consumer Confidence and, in the final analysis, the happiness and spending ability of Joe Consumer is the most important determinant of an expanding economy.
Next: Economic Indicators: Consumer Credit Report
Sentiment indicators can carry a lot of weight - there are so few that are standardized like Consumer Confidence and, in the final analysis, the happiness and spending ability of Joe Consumer is the most important determinant of an expanding economy.
Next: Economic Indicators: Consumer Credit Report
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జనుల బలహీనతలే ఒకరి నాయకత్వం. అంటే, నాయకుని యొక్క నాయకత్వపు అస్థిత్వము ప్రజల బలహీనత పైనే ఆధార పడుతుంది.ప్రకృతిలో బలహీనత అనునది ఉంటే, బలము కూడా ఉంటుంది. ప్రజ నిరంతరం అభద్రతా భావము పొందుతూ ఉంటాడు. అన్ని విధాలా అతనికి రక్షణ అవసరము. ఆ రక్షణ తనకు తాను స్వతంత్రముగా కల్పించు కొన జాలడు, అందుకని తనకు అన్నివిధాల రక్షణ కల్పించే సామర్థ్యం ఉన్న అతనిని నాయకునిగా అంగీకరిస్తాడు. నాయకినికి ఉన్న ఆ యొక్క సామర్థ్యమే బలము, నాయకత్వపు లక్షణాలు. ప్రజా కు రక్షణ కల్పించాలి అంటే నాయకుడు భాద్యత గా స్వీకరిస్తాడు. ఆ భాద్యత తోనే తన రాచరికపు జీవనానికి మిట్లు నిర్మిస్తాడు. తన భాద్యత నిర్వర్తించడానికి ప్రజా పై కొన్ని ఆంక్షలు విధిస్తాడు. ఆంక్షలు రాజరికానికి మూలస్థంబాలు.ప్రజా వాటిని ఎత్తి పరిస్థితులలోనూ ఉల్లంఘించడానికి వీలు లేదు. అల్లా ఏ స్వాతంత్రము కొరకు ప్రజా అతని నాయకత్వాన్ని అంగీకరించాడో ఆ స్వాతంత్రం కోల్పోతాడు. కాని ఆశ్చర్యకరమైన ధీ ఏమిటి అంటే ప్రజా స్వతంత్రముగా ఉన్నట్లుగానే భావిస్తాడు. ఐతే అతని జీవనానికి రక్షణ ఉంటుంది. నాయకత్వం అంగీకరించిన తరువాత అతను పొందే ఏకైక లబ్ది రక్షణ మాత్రమే. తన రక్షణ తాను చేసుకోలీని దుర్బలుడు, అందుకే నాయకుని ద్వారా రక్షణ పొందుతాడు. తన రక్షణ తాను చేసుకో గలిగిన వాడు బలవంతుడు. తన రక్షణ ఏ కాకుండా ఇతరుల రక్షణ కూడా చేయగలిగిన వాడు నాయకుడు. ఇక్కడ దుర్బలుడు మరియు నాయకుని అస్తిత్వం దీర్ఘకాలం మన్నుతుంది. బలవంతుడి అస్తిత్వం గాలిలో దీపం లాంటిది. అందుకే బలముతో బాటు నాయకత్వ లక్షణాలు ఉండాలి, అలా కాని పక్షంలో అతని జీవన రక్షణకు నాయకుని ఆశ్రయించక తప్పదు.అయితే సాధారణ ప్రజా కంటే బలవంతునికి ఉన్నత స్థానం ఉంటుంది. ఇలా బలవంతుడికి, సమర్తుడికి అతని యోగ్యతని గుర్తించి తగిన స్థానం కల్పించడం నాయకత్వపు లక్షణం. నాయకుడను వాడు అన్నివిధాల ఉన్నతుడై ఉండాలి. బలమైన వ్యక్తిత్వమున్న వాడు నాయకుడి అవుతాడు...vali,15-1-1998; 12.55pm
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-There is no Soul at all, it is only the God and Mind playing the game called Time. The Gnana or knowledge(feeling of entity) as of 'me' is getting directly from the God by the Mind. Despite the God is the father of Mind, the Mind can not feel the Gnana or knowledge of God. Due to that animation of itself, Mind feels such knowledge of animation of entity as Soul...vali,18-07-1998; 02-17AM
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If mad one realizes, why his behaviour is like itself and if a Brilliant one realizes the reason and nature of his brilliancy, that is the knowledge or 'Gnana' and they become 'Gnanis'
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← All vocab
-There is no Soul at all, it is only the God and Mind playing the game called Time. The Gnana or knowledge(feeling of entity) as of 'me' is getting directly from the God by the Mind. Despite the God is the father of Mind, the Mind can not feel the Gnana or knowledge of God. Due to that animation of itself, Mind feels such knowledge of animation of entity as Soul...vali,18-07-1998; 02-17AM
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If mad one realizes, why his behaviour is like itself and if a Brilliant one realizes the reason and nature of his brilliancy, that is the knowledge or 'Gnana' and they become 'Gnanis'
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నీకు
బలమైన శత్రువు లేక పోటీదారుడు ఉండాలి, అతడిని నీవు సమర్తవంతముగా
ఎదుర్కొంటూ ఉండాలి. ఇటు వంటి సమయం లో నీవు ప్రజలకు సన్నిహితుదవై ఉండాలి,
తద్వారా వారి మద్దతు పొందాలి. ఇక నీ శత్రువు వారికి శత్రువు అవుతాడు. ఈ
పోరాటం లో నీవే నాయకుడివి. నీకు బలమైన పోటీదారుడు ఉన్నపుడే పలువురి దృష్టి
నీ పైకి ఆకర్షింప బడుతుంది.నీ యొక్క సమర్థత అప్పుడే బయట పడుతుంది. నీవు
ప్రజల అభిమానాన్ని చూర గొంతావు. నీకు ఆత్మవిశ్వాసం ఉండాలి. చంచలం ఐనది
ఆత్మవిశ్వాసం కానేరదు, కాని అది ఆత్మవిశ్వాసం యొక్క చిన్న మెరుపు మాత్రమే.
మనిషికి
స్వార్థం ఎక్కువ. ఆ కారణంగానే కీర్తికాంక్ష ఏర్పడింది. ఇక ధనము పై మోజు,
స్త్రీ పై మోజు కీర్తికాంక్ష యొక్క చిహ్నాలే. ఎలాగంటే, "నేను, నా యొక్క"
అను అహాన్ని త్రుప్తి పరచాలంటే ధనము అవసరము. నేను మగవాడు అను అహమును
త్రుప్తి పరచాలంటే అతను ధీరత్వాన్ని ప్రదర్శించాలి, దీనికి ధనము సహాయం
చేస్తుంది. తన ధీరత్వాన్ని ముఖ్యముగా స్త్రీలు గమనించాలని భావిస్తాడు.
అందమైన స్త్రీ స్త్రీ
యొక్క పొందు లభిస్తే తన ధీరత్వాన్ని చిహ్నముగా భావిస్తాడు. క్రమముగా
స్త్రీ లోలుదవుతాడని గ్రహించడు. పురుషునికి తన పురుష తత్వము, ధీరత్వము పై
ఆరాధన భావము ఉంటుంది. ఇక స్త్రీలకు తను ఇష్టపడిన, తన స్త్రీ తత్వమునకు
లోబడిన పురుషుని ధీరత్వము పై ఆరాధన, విధేయత భావం ఉంటుంది. పర పురుషుని
వరించ వలసిన సమయము లో స్త్రీ పురుషుని ధీరత్వము, నాయకత్వ లక్షణాలకు విలువ
ఇస్తుంది.
తన సంతానము ఉన్నత స్థితికి చేరి తే,
తండ్రి కయితే తన తండ్రి తత్వము పై ఆరాధన కలుగుతుంది. తల్లి అయితే తన
సంతానము యొక్క సామర్థ్యము పై ఆరాధనా భావము ఉంచుతుంది.
తన అండలో తనకు లోబడి ఉండువారిపై పురుషునికి అసూయ అనునది ఉండదు. స్త్రీ
తనకు అండగా నిలిచిన వారి శక్తి లోను , యుక్తి లోను క్షీణత అగుపిస్తే, ఆమే
కు వారిపై ఆరాధన, అభిమానము క్షీనిస్తుంది. - vali,16-07-98, 01:24pm
-కేవలం నుంచి మహోన్నతం జనిస్తుంది. కేవలం నుంచి జ్ఞానం ప్రారంభ మవుతుంది. కేవలమే జ్ఞానమునకు ప్రారంభం-
-అతను నీకు లోబడి విధేయతతో ఉండాలనుకుంటున్నాడు. అంతటి విలువను
నీకు ఎందుకు ఇస్తున్నట్లు?. నీవు అతనికన్న గొప్పవాడు, శక్తిమంతుడు అని
తలచి, నీవల్ల అతనికి రక్షణ లభిస్తుంది అని భావించి, నీ అండలో గొప్పగా
జీవించ గలడని ఆశించి ఉండటం వలన అలాజరుగుతోంది. కాని నీవును సామాన్యుడిగా
మారినా, అలా ప్రవర్తించినా నీకు ఇక విలువ ఉండదు. నీవు అసామాన్యుడు ఐతే నే
సామాన్యుని విధేయత, అభిమానమును పొందుతావు-vali,21-07-98/11-
-నీలోని
దేనికైనా ఆకర్షిమ్పబడి నీవైపు ఆరాధన, అభిమానము జనిన్చినవారై చూస్తున్నారు
అనుకో, ఆసమయమున నీవు ప్రసంగిస్తూ ఉంటే, వారి వైపు చూస్తూ ప్రసంగించు,
ఆసమయమున నీలో వారు మర్యాదను గమనించాలి. అదే సమయమున నీలోని గంభీరం, ఠీవి
నీలోని మర్యాద కంటే ప్రబలంగా (domination) ఉండాలి. నీవు వారి వైపు చూస్తూ
మాట్లాడటం ద్వారా నీవు వారికి విలువ నిస్తున్నట్ట్లుగా వారు భావించాలి. ..........................uploadingArabic learning resources
Arabic time vocabulary
| English | Standard Arabic | Transliteration | Egyptian Arabic | Transliteration | |
| time (as a general concept) | الزمان | az-zamaan | '' | '' | |
| time | وقت (ج) أوقات | waqt (pl.) awqaat | '' | wa't (pl.) aw'aat | |
| time (countable unit; as in "three times, four times," etc.) | مرة (ج) مرات | marra (pl.) marraat | '' | '' | |
| century | قرن (ج) قرون | qarn (pl.) quruun | '' | '' | |
| decade | حقبة (ج) حقبات | Hiqba (pl.) Hiqabaat | '' | '' | |
| year | سنة (ج) سنوات | sana (pl.) sanawaat | سنة (ج) سنين | sana (pl.) siniin | |
| week | أسبوع (ج) أسابيع | usbuu3 (pl.) asaabii3 | '' | '' | |
| day | يوم (ج) أيّام | yawm (pl.) ayyaam | '' | yoom (pl.) ayyaam | |
| hour | ساعة (ج) ساعات | saa3a (pl.) saa3aat | '' | '' | |
| minute | دقيقة (ج) دقائق | daqiiqa (pl.) daqaa'iq | '' | di'ii'a (pl.) da'aaya | |
| second | ثانية (ج) ثواني | taanya (pl.) tawaani | '' | tanya (pl.) tawaani | |
| moment | لحظة (ج) لحظات | laHZa (pl.) laHaZaat | '' | '' | |
| Sunday | يوم الأحد | yoom al-aHad | يوم الحد | yoom il-Hadd | |
| Monday | يوم الاثنين | yoom al-itnein | يوم الاتنين | yoom il-itnein | |
| Tuesday | يوم الثلاثاء | yoom at-tulaataa' | يوم التلات | yoom it-talaat | |
| Wednesday | يوم الأربعاء | yoom al-arbi3aa' | '' | yoom il-arba3 | |
| Thursday | يوم الخميس | yoom al-xamiis | '' | '' | |
| Friday | يوم الجمعة | yoom al-jum3a | '' | yoom il-gom3a | |
| Saturday | يوم السبت | yoom as-sabt | '' | '' | |
| dawn | فجر | fajr | '' | fagr | |
| sunrise | شروق الشمس | šuruuq aš-šams | '' | šuruu' iš-šams | |
| morning | صباح | SabaaH | صباح | صبح | SabaaH/SobH | |
| noon | ظهر | Zuhr | ضهر | Duhr | |
| afternoon | بعد الظهر | ba3d iZ-Zuhr | بعد الضهر | ba3d iD-Duhr | |
| evening | مساء | masaa' | '' | masaa'/masa | |
| sunset | غروب الشمس | ġuruub aš-šams | '' | '' | |
| مغرب | maġrib | '' | '' | ||
| midnight | منتصف الليل | muntaSaf al-leil | نص الليل | nuSS il-leil | |
| night | ليلة (ج) ليالي | leila (pl.) layaali | '' | '' | |
| What time is it? | كم الساعة؟ | kam as-saa3a? | الساعة كم؟ | is-saa3a kam? | |
| one o'clock | الساعة الواحدة | as-saa3a al-waaHida | الساعة واحدة | is-saa3a waHda | |
| 1:05 | الساعة الواحدة وخمس دقائق | as-saa3a al-waaHida wa-xamas daqaa'iq | الساعة واحدة وخمسة | is-saa3a waHda wi-xamsa | |
| 1:10 | الساعة الواحدة وعشر دقائق | as-saa3a al-waaHida wa-3ašar daqaa'iq | الساعة واحدة وعشرة | is-saa3a waHda wi-3ašara | |
| 1:15 | الساعة الواحدة والربع | as-saa3a al-waaHida war-rub3 | الساعة واحدة وربع | is-saa3a waHda wi-rub3 | |
| 1:20 | الساعة الواحدة والثلث | as-saa3a al-waaHida wat-tult | الساعة واحدة وتلت | is-saa3a waHda wi-tilt | |
| 1:25 | الساعة الواحدة والنصف إلا خمس دقائق | as-saa3a al-waaHida wan-nuSf illa xamas daqaa'iq | الساعة واحدة ونص إلا خمسة | is-saa3a waHda wi-nuSS illa xamsa | |
| 1:30 | الساعة الواحدة والنصف | as-saa3a al-waaHida wan-nuSf | الساعة واحدة ونص | is-saa3a waHda wi-nuSS | |
| 1:35 | الساعة الواحدة والنصف وخمس دقائق | as-saa3a al-waaHida wan-nuSf wa-xamas daqaa'iq | الساعة واحدة ونص وخمسة | is-saa3a waHda wi-nuSS wi-xamsa | |
| 1:40 | الساعة الثانية إلا ثلثا | as-saa3a at-taania illa tultan | الساعة اتنين إلا تلت | is-saa3a tnein illa tilt | |
| 1:45 | الساعة الثانية إلا ربعا | as-saa3a at-taania illa rub3an | الساعة اتنين إلا ربع | is-saa3a tnein illa rub3 | |
| 1:50 | الساعة الثانية إلا عشر دقائق | as-saa3a at-taania illa 3ašar daqaa'iq | الساعة اتنين إلا عشرة | is-saa3a tnein illa 3ašara | |
| 1:55 | الساعة الثانية إلا خمس دقائق | as-saa3a at-taania illa xamas daqaa'iq | الساعة اتنين إلا خمسة | is-saa3a tnein illa xamsa | |
| before | قبل | qabl | '' | 'abl | |
| after | بعد | ba3d | '' | '' | |
| then | ثم | tumma | بعدين | ba3dein | |
| until | حتى | Hatta | لغاية | li-ġaayit | |
| now | الآن | al'aan | دلوقت | dilwa'ti/dilwa't | |
| the day before yesterday | أول أمس | awwal ams | اول امبارح | awwil imbaariH | |
| yesterday | أمس | ams | امبارح | imbaariH | |
| last night | ليلة أمس | leilat ams | امبارح بالليل | imbaariH bil-leil | |
| today | اليوم | al-yoom | النهار ده | in-nahaarda | |
| tomorrow | غدا | ġadan | بكرة | bukra | |
| the day after tomorrow | بعد الغد | ba3d al-ġad | بعد بكرة | ba3de bukra | |
| last (week) | (الأسبوع) الماضي | (al-usbuu3) al-maaDi | (الأسبوع) اللي فات | (il-usbuu3) illi faat | |
| next (week) | (الأسبوع) المقبل | (al-usbuu3) al-muqbil | (الأسبوع) اللي جاي | الجاي | (il-usbuu3) illi gaayy/ig-gaayy | |
| all day | طوال اليوم | Tuwaal al-yawm | طول اليوم | Tuul il-yoom | |
| every day | كل يوم | kull yawm | '' | kulle yoom | |
| every other day | كل يومين | kull yawmein | يوم آه ويوم لا | yoom 'aah wa-yoom la | |
| day after day | يوما بعد يوم | yawman ba3d yawm | يوم ورا يوم | yoom wara yoom | |
| early | مبكر | mubakkir | بدري | badri | |
| late | متأخر | muta'axxir | '' | mit'axxar | |
| after a while | بعد قليل | ba3d qaliil | بعد شوية | ba3de šwayya | |
| later on | لاحقا | laaHiqan | بعدين | ba3dein | |
| always | دائما | daa'iman | دايما | dayman | |
| usually | عادةً | 3aadatan | '' | '' | |
| sometimes | أحيانا | aHyaanan | '' | '' | |
| rarely | نادرا | naadiran | |||
| holiday, feast | عيد (ج) أعياد | 3iid (pl.) a3yaad | '' | '' | |
| birthday | عيد ميلاد | 3iid miilaad | '' | '' | |
| New Year's | رأس السنة | ra's as-sana | '' | raas as-sana | |
| Valentine's Day | عيد الحب | 3iid al-Hubb | '' | '' | |
| Easter | عيد القيامة | 3iid al-qiyaama | '' | '' | |
| عيد الفصح | 3iid al-faSH | '' | '' | ||
| Independence Day | عيد الاستقلال | 3iid al-istiqlaal | '' | '' | |
| Halloween (All Saints' Day) | عيد جميع القديسين | 3iid jamii3 al-qaddiisiin | هالويين | halowiin | |
| Thanksgiving | عيد الشكر | 3iid aš-šukr | '' | '' | |
| Christmas | عيد الميلاد | 3iid al-miilaad | '' | '' | |
| New Year's Eve | ليلة رأس السنة | leilat ra's as-sana | '' | leilit raas as-sana | |
| Eid al-Adha | عيد الأضحى | 3iid al-aDHa | '' | '' | |
| Eid al-Fitr | عيد الفطر | 3iid al-fiTr | '' | '' | |
| Sham al-Nesim | شمّ النسيم | šamm an-nisiim | '' | '' | |
| to celebrate | احتفل - يحتفل (احتفال) بـ | iHtafala - yaHtafilu (iHtifaal) bi | '' | iHtafal - yiHtifil (iHtifaal) bi | |
| occasion | مناسبة (ج) مناسبات | munaasaba (pl.) munaasabaat | '' | '' | |
| anniversary (or memory) | ذكرى (ج) ذكريات | dikra (pl.) dikrayaat | '' | zikra (pl.) zikriyaat | |
| party | حفلة (ج) حفلات | Hafla (pl.) Hafalaat | '' | '' | |
| gift | هدية (ج) هدايا | hadiyya (pl.) hidaaya | '' | '' | |
| calendar | تقويم (ج) تقاويم | taqwiim (pl.) taqaawiim | '' | taqwiim (pl.) taqawiim | |
| Gregorian calendar | التقويم الميلادي | at-taqwiim al-miilaadi | '' | it-taqwiim il-milaadi | |
| January | يناير | yanaayir | '' | '' | |
| February | فبراير | fibraayir | '' | '' | |
| March | مارس | maaris | '' | '' | |
| April | أبريل | abriil | '' | '' | |
| May | مايو | maayo | '' | '' | |
| June | يونيو | yuuniyo | '' | '' | |
| July | يوليو | yuuliyo | '' | '' | |
| August | أغسطس | aġusTus | '' | '' | |
| September | سمتمبر | sibtimbir | '' | '' | |
| October | أكتوبر | uktoobar | '' | '' | |
| November | نوفمبر | nuvimbir | '' | '' | |
| December | ديسيمبر | disimbir | '' | '' | |
| January | كانون الثاني | kaanuun at-taani | |||
| February | شباط | šubaaT | |||
| March | آذار | aadaar | |||
| April | نيسان | niisaan | |||
| May | أيار | ayyaar | |||
| June | حزيران | Huzeiraan | |||
| July | تموز | tammuuz | |||
| August | آب | aab | |||
| September | أيلول | ayluul | |||
| October | تشرين الأول | tišriin al-awwal | |||
| November | نشرين الثاني | tišriin at-taani | |||
| December | كانون الأول | kaanuun al-awwal | |||
| Muslim calendar | التقويم الهجري | at-taqwiim al-hijri | '' | it-taqwiim il-higri | |
| Muharram | محرم | muHarram | '' | '' | |
| Safar | صفر | Safar | '' | '' | |
| Rabia I | ربيع الأول | rabii3 al-awwal | '' | '' | |
| Rabia II | ربيع الثاني | rabii3 at-taani | '' | rabii3 it-taani | |
| Jumada I | جمادى الأول | jamaada al-awwal | '' | gamaada l-awwal | |
| Jumada II | جمادى الثاني | jamaada at-taani | '' | gamaada t-taani | |
| Rajab | رجب | rajab | '' | ragab | |
| Shaban | شعبان | ša3abaan | '' | ša3baan | |
| Ramadan | رمضان | ramaDaan | '' | '' | |
| Shawwal | شوال | šawwaal | '' | '' | |
| Zulqida | ذو القعدة | du l-qi3da | '' | zu l-qi3da | |
| Zilhijjah | ذو الحجة | du l-Hijja | '' | zu l-Higga | |
| Coptic calendar | التقويم القبطي | at-taqwiim al-qibTi | '' | it-taqwiim il-'ibTi | |
| Thout (starts Sept. 10th or 11th) | توت | tuut | '' | '' | |
| Paopi (starts Oct. 10th/11th) | بابة | baaba | '' | '' | |
| Hathor (starts Nov. 9th/10th) | هاتور | haatuur | '' | hatuur | |
| Koiak (starts Dec. 9th/10th) | كياهك | kiyaahk | '' | kiyaak | |
| Tobi (starts Jan. 8th/9th) | طوبة | Tuuba | '' | '' | |
| Meshir (starts Feb. 7th/8th) | أمشير | amšiir | '' | '' | |
| Paremhat (starts March 9th) | برمهات | baramhaat | '' | '' | |
| Paremoude (starts April 8th) | برمودة | baramuuda | '' | '' | |
| Pashons (starts May 8th) | بشنس | bašans | '' | '' | |
| Paoni (starts June 7th) | بؤونة | ba'uuna | '' | '' | |
| Epip (starts July 7th) | أبيب | abiib | '' | '' | |
| Mesori (starts 6th Aug.) | مسرى | misra | '' | '' | |
| Pi Kogi Enavot (period of five or six days at the end of the Coptic year) | نسئ | nasii' | '' | nasy | |
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