..... . VALI disclosures . .....: 13/12/25, 3 US Lawmakers oppose Mr Donald Trump's 50% tariff on India

Saturday, December 13, 2025

13/12/25, 3 US Lawmakers oppose Mr Donald Trump's 50% tariff on India

Three Democrats in the US House move to cancel Donald Trump's national emergency tariffs on India, arguing that the duties are illegal and hurt American workers, consumers, supply chains, and US-India relations.

Their resolution aims to dismantle a tariff structure that raised some import costs by 50 per cent.

The proposal targets Trump's national emergency declaration that enabled additional duties on Indian goods. Using powers under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, the administration allowed a 25 per cent tariff on August 1, 2025, then layered another 25 per cent on August 27, effectively doubling many import costs.

Trump national emergency tariffs on India and US-India relations

The resolution, filed on December 12, 2025, comes from Representatives Deborah Ross, Marc Veasey, and Raja Krishnamoorthi. The three lawmakers say the national emergency tariffs on India never had a solid legal basis and now weigh heavily on communities and industries that depend on bilateral trade and investment flows.

Under their plan, Congress would overturn the emergency declaration that authorised the extra 25 per cent "secondary" tariffs on many Indian-origin products. Supporters argue that removing the national emergency tariffs on India would ease prices for American buyers and help stabilise business links across vital US-India supply chains.

Date	Measure	Tariff Level on Many Indian Goods
August 1, 2025	First emergency tariff imposed	25 per cent
August 27, 2025	Additional "secondary" tariff added	Up to 50 per cent total

Political fight over Trump national emergency tariffs on India

The House move follows a broader bipartisan push in the Senate to limit how presidents use emergency powers to adjust trade barriers. Lawmakers in both chambers say they want to restore Congress's constitutional authority over tariffs and protect long-term US-India relations from sudden unilateral decisions.

Trump justified the national emergency tariffs on India by pointing to India's continued purchase of Russian oil. The former President claimed that this trade helped finance Moscow's war in Ukraine, and used that argument to trigger emergency economic powers for the two tariff hikes in August 2025.

Ross highlighted the stakes for her state, saying, "North Carolina's economy is deeply connected to India through trade, investment, and a vibrant Indian American community," and stressing that billions of dollars and thousands of local jobs depend on Indian companies. Ross warned that the national emergency tariffs on India damage this important economic partnership.

Veasey focused on household costs, stating, "India is an important cultural, economic, and strategic partner, and these illegal tariffs are a tax on everyday North Texans who are already struggling with rising costs." Veasey argues that scrapping the national emergency tariffs on India would bring at least some relief to consumers.

Krishnamoorthi criticised the overall approach, saying, "Instead of advancing American interests or security, these duties disrupt supply chains, harm American workers, and drive up costs for consumers," and added that easing the national emergency tariffs on India would support closer US-India economic and security ties at a sensitive geopolitical moment.

In a joint statement, the three lawmakers framed their resolution within a larger institutional clash, saying, "Ending Trump's India tariffs is part of a broader effort by congressional Democrats to reclaim Congress' authority over trade and stop the President from using emergency powers to unilaterally impose misguided policies," signalling more fights ahead over emergency tariff authority and US-India relations.

Report made by Gaurav Sharma Oneindia

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Trade Cycles

The four important features of Trade Cycle are (i) Recovery, (ii) Boom, (iii) Recession, and (iv) Depression!

The trades cycle or business cycle are cyclical fluctuations of an economy. A full trade cycle has got four phases: (i) Recovery, (ii) Boom, (iii) Recession, and (iv) depression. The upward phase of a trade cycle or prosperity is divided into two stages—recovery and boom, and the downward phase of a trade cycle is also divided into two stages—recession and depression.

Phases of Trade Cycle:

The phases of trade cycle are explained with a diagram:

(1) Recovery:

In the early period of recovery, entrepreneurs increase the level of investment which in turn increases employment and income. Employment increases purchasing power and this leads to an increase in demand for consumer goods.

As a result, demand for goods will press upon their supply and it shall, thereby, lead to a rise in prices. The demand for consumer’s goods shall encourage the demand for producer’s goods.

The rise in prices shall depend upon the gestation period of investment. The longer the period of investment, the higher shall be the price rise. The rise of prices shall bring about a change in the distribution of income. Rent, wages, interest do not rise in the same proportion as prices.

Consequently, the margin of profit improves. The wholesale prices rise more than retail prices. The prices of raw materials rise more than the prices of semi-finished goods and the prices of semi-finished goods use more than the prices of finished goods.

(2) Boom:

The rate of investment increases still further. Owing to the spread of a wave of optimism in business, the level of production increases and the boom gathers momentum. More investment is possible only through credit creation. During a period of boom, the economy surpasses the level of full employment and enters a stage of over full employment.

(3) Recession:

The orders for raw materials are reduced on the onset of a recession. The rate of investment in producers’ goods industries and housing construction declines. Liquidity preference rises in society and owing to a contraction of money supply, the prices falls. A wave of pessimism spreads in business and those markets which were sometime before sellers markets become buyer’s markets now.

(4) Depression:

The main feature of a depression is a general fall in economic activity. Production, employment and income decline. The prices fall and the main factor responsible for it is, a fall in the purchasing power.

The distribution of national income changes. As the costs are rigid in nature, the margin of profit declines. Machines are not used to their full capacity in factories, because effective demand is much less. The prices of finished goods fall less than the prices of raw materials.

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..BANKING TERMINOLOGY

There are various types of Banks: PSU Banks, Private Banks, Co-operative/Regional Banks, Small Finance Banks and Foreign Banks. When you deposit money in a bank, let's say the bank gives you an interest rate of 4%. But when the bank lends out this money, they lend it out at say, 12%. The difference of 8% in the above scenario is effectively the profit of the bank! The loans that do not pay interest for 90 days are known as Non-performing Assets. Banks have to provide for such bad loans. Structure of a Bank Asset for a Bank: The asset portion of a bank's capital includes cash, government securities, and interest-earning loans (e.g., mortgages, letters of credit, and inter-bank loans). Liabilities for a Bank: The bank's main liabilities are its capital (including cash reserves and, often, subordinated debt) and deposits. The latter may be from domestic or foreign sources (corporations and firms, private individuals, other banks, and even governments). Banks are required to maintain Liquidity with the Reserve Bank of India: SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio): It is the money a bank needs to preserve in the form of cash, gold or government Bonds before providing credit customers. This limitation is added by RBI on banks to make funds available to customers on-demand at your earliest convenience. Banks are required to maintain SLR at 18%. CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio): Banks are required to hold a certain proportion of their deposits in the form of cash. Banks don’t hold these as cash with themselves, but deposit such amounts with RBI / currency chests. CRR rate is at 4.5% currently. Repo Rate: The rate at which the RBI lends short-term money to the banks. The RBI through its Monetary Policy committee changes the repo rate to balance growth and Inflation. Reverse Repo rate: The rate at which banks park their short-term excess liquidity with the RBI. Now let us understand various terminologies for Banks Net Interest Income (NII): This is the spread the bank makes on its lending. It is calculated as Interest Income – Interest Expended Net Interest Margin (NIM): This is the spread the bank makes on its lending. It is the earning which is left after deducting the cost paid to depositors from its yields on Loans. This is denoted in % terms. The formula is Yield on Loans – Cost of funds Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR): The capital adequacy ratio (CAR) is a measure of a bank's available capital expressed as a percentage of a bank's risk-weighted credit exposures. Essentially, it is the Capital that is available to lend. Tier I Capital – In simple words this capital is freely available with the bank to lend out. Tier II Capital- This is the capital tied up somewhere and is less freely available to lend. In case of an adverse event, the bank can use this capital to lend. Under Basel III norms, a bank’s tier 1+tier 2 capital must be a minimum of 8% of its risk-weighted holdings. The minimum capital adequacy ratio, also including the capital conservation buffer, is 10.5%. Current Account Saving Account (CASA)- There is no interest paid on the Current Account and a small interest rate is paid on a savings account. The combination of both is called CASA which shows the liabilities of the bank on which it pays relatively less interest. Deposits: Bank deposits are a savings product that customers can use to hold an amount of money at a bank for a specified length of time. In return, the financial institution will pay the customer the relevant amount of interest, based on how much they choose to deposit and for how long. Now let us come to NPA. Gross NPA (GNPA): It is the total loans on which no payment has been paid for 90 days or more. GNPA % is usually shown in each Bank’s quarterly results. The percentage is basically the GNPA amount as a % of the total advances. Slippages: Slippages denote the fresh amount of loans that have turned bad in a year. The slippage ratio of a bank is calculated as Fresh accretion of NPAs during the year /Total standard assets at the beginning of the year multiplied by 100. Provisioning Coverage Ratio (PCR): This is the ratio of provisioning to GNPA and indicates the extent of funds a bank has kept aside to cover loan losses. For Instance, a company has GNPAs of Rs 100 and they have set aside 50 Rs, then the PCR is 50%. Net NPA (NNPA): The total figure left after deducting provisions made for bad loans from GNPA. (GNPA – Provisions+upgrades/writeoffs = NNPA) Special Mention Account (SMA) SMA-0 is a category in which stress with respect to the principal and interest has remained overdue for a period of 0 to 30 days. SMA-1 is a category in which stress with respect to the principal and interest has remained overdue for a period of 30-60 days. SMA-2 is a category in which stress with respect to the principal and interest has remained overdue for a period of 60-90 days

..... . VALI disclosures . .....

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Saturday, December 13, 2025

13/12/25, 3 US Lawmakers oppose Mr Donald Trump's 50% tariff on India

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16/12/25, Multibagger small-cap stock BL Kashyap and Sons (BLK) is expected to attract investors' attention during Tuesday's session, December 16, as the company secured a significant order win.

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