..... . VALI disclosures . .....: 04/06/26, Investigation into Rajesh Exports

Thursday, June 4, 2026

04/06/26, Investigation into Rajesh Exports

The Securities Exchange Board of India has ordered an investigation into Rajesh Exports and its Executive Chairman Rajesh Mehta for allegedly misrepresenting financial statements aggregating ₹15 lakh crore. This represents 99.8% of the company’s total consolidated revenue during FY21-FY25. The regulator also restrained Mehta from trading the company’s securities in any form until further orders.

A series of violations were found, as per Sebi’s interim order, including non-disclosure of material consolidated financial information, non-availability of financial statements of subsidiaries and step-down subsidiaries, non-availability of information at consolidated levels, misrepresentation of financial statements in annual reports, false claim of investment in gold mine in Africa, and non-cooperation by the company and its chairman, as per Sebi’s interim order.

Regulator says company hampered SEBI’s probe

The regulator alleged that the company hampered its probe by not providing the required financial information and “furnishing varying and inconsistent submission” at different stages of investigation.

The regulator’s primary investigation showed that the company falsely recorded derivatives transactions of Mehta as its own – sales worth ₹11,487 crore and purchases worth ₹11,488 crore. It also incorrectly recorded exchange fluctuation amounting ₹867 crore as revenue from operations and ₹716 crore as purchases.

In March 2024, Sebi had received a complaint from a shareholder who alleged potential financial misrepresentation in the company’s books for a large sum of trade receivables outstanding for more than 2 years. The regulator found that Rajesh Exports artificially reduced long-outstanding receivables amounting ₹29.14 crore through opaque netting arrangements without giving adequate public disclosures explaining the basis of such adjustments.

The company also failed to give access to its books of accounts and had also refused to share data about its foreign subsidiaries, “taking shelter under the Swiss Federal Act on Data Protection,” as per the interim order. Ledgers of the company were found to be deficient since narrations were only partially visible, Sebi said, adding that the omission of corresponding ledger account names rendered it impossible to identify the true nature or purpose of the recorded transactions.

While Rajesh Exports stated its audited financial statements of overseas entities for FY21-FY23 were consolidated at its subsidiary Rajesh Singapore’s level, available records showed that this arm itself did not prepare any such statements, Sebi said. When the regulator was further given access to these statements, it found the subsidiary had no revenue from operations and that another arm ACC Energy also reported negligible revenues.

“…the conduct of REL (Rajesh Exports) prima facie reveals a coordinated pattern of financial misrepresentation, concealment and regulatory noncompliance extending across multiple financial years,” Sebi Whole Time Member (WTM) Kamlesh Chandra Varshney said in the order. The company also defrauded investors by portraying an inflated and misleading picture of its operational scale, balance sheet size, and financial health, Varshney added.

On Wednesday, shares of the company closed almost 3% higher at ₹109.99 on the National Stock Exchange. However, the stock has fallen more than 38% so far in 2026 and has also lost almost 80% of its value in the last 5 years.

Written by AnjanaTherese Anthony, FinancialExpress

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Trade Cycles

The four important features of Trade Cycle are (i) Recovery, (ii) Boom, (iii) Recession, and (iv) Depression!

The trades cycle or business cycle are cyclical fluctuations of an economy. A full trade cycle has got four phases: (i) Recovery, (ii) Boom, (iii) Recession, and (iv) depression. The upward phase of a trade cycle or prosperity is divided into two stages—recovery and boom, and the downward phase of a trade cycle is also divided into two stages—recession and depression.

Phases of Trade Cycle:

The phases of trade cycle are explained with a diagram:

(1) Recovery:

In the early period of recovery, entrepreneurs increase the level of investment which in turn increases employment and income. Employment increases purchasing power and this leads to an increase in demand for consumer goods.

As a result, demand for goods will press upon their supply and it shall, thereby, lead to a rise in prices. The demand for consumer’s goods shall encourage the demand for producer’s goods.

The rise in prices shall depend upon the gestation period of investment. The longer the period of investment, the higher shall be the price rise. The rise of prices shall bring about a change in the distribution of income. Rent, wages, interest do not rise in the same proportion as prices.

Consequently, the margin of profit improves. The wholesale prices rise more than retail prices. The prices of raw materials rise more than the prices of semi-finished goods and the prices of semi-finished goods use more than the prices of finished goods.

(2) Boom:

The rate of investment increases still further. Owing to the spread of a wave of optimism in business, the level of production increases and the boom gathers momentum. More investment is possible only through credit creation. During a period of boom, the economy surpasses the level of full employment and enters a stage of over full employment.

(3) Recession:

The orders for raw materials are reduced on the onset of a recession. The rate of investment in producers’ goods industries and housing construction declines. Liquidity preference rises in society and owing to a contraction of money supply, the prices falls. A wave of pessimism spreads in business and those markets which were sometime before sellers markets become buyer’s markets now.

(4) Depression:

The main feature of a depression is a general fall in economic activity. Production, employment and income decline. The prices fall and the main factor responsible for it is, a fall in the purchasing power.

The distribution of national income changes. As the costs are rigid in nature, the margin of profit declines. Machines are not used to their full capacity in factories, because effective demand is much less. The prices of finished goods fall less than the prices of raw materials.

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..BANKING TERMINOLOGY

There are various types of Banks: PSU Banks, Private Banks, Co-operative/Regional Banks, Small Finance Banks and Foreign Banks. When you deposit money in a bank, let's say the bank gives you an interest rate of 4%. But when the bank lends out this money, they lend it out at say, 12%. The difference of 8% in the above scenario is effectively the profit of the bank! The loans that do not pay interest for 90 days are known as Non-performing Assets. Banks have to provide for such bad loans. Structure of a Bank Asset for a Bank: The asset portion of a bank's capital includes cash, government securities, and interest-earning loans (e.g., mortgages, letters of credit, and inter-bank loans). Liabilities for a Bank: The bank's main liabilities are its capital (including cash reserves and, often, subordinated debt) and deposits. The latter may be from domestic or foreign sources (corporations and firms, private individuals, other banks, and even governments). Banks are required to maintain Liquidity with the Reserve Bank of India: SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio): It is the money a bank needs to preserve in the form of cash, gold or government Bonds before providing credit customers. This limitation is added by RBI on banks to make funds available to customers on-demand at your earliest convenience. Banks are required to maintain SLR at 18%. CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio): Banks are required to hold a certain proportion of their deposits in the form of cash. Banks don’t hold these as cash with themselves, but deposit such amounts with RBI / currency chests. CRR rate is at 4.5% currently. Repo Rate: The rate at which the RBI lends short-term money to the banks. The RBI through its Monetary Policy committee changes the repo rate to balance growth and Inflation. Reverse Repo rate: The rate at which banks park their short-term excess liquidity with the RBI. Now let us understand various terminologies for Banks Net Interest Income (NII): This is the spread the bank makes on its lending. It is calculated as Interest Income – Interest Expended Net Interest Margin (NIM): This is the spread the bank makes on its lending. It is the earning which is left after deducting the cost paid to depositors from its yields on Loans. This is denoted in % terms. The formula is Yield on Loans – Cost of funds Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR): The capital adequacy ratio (CAR) is a measure of a bank's available capital expressed as a percentage of a bank's risk-weighted credit exposures. Essentially, it is the Capital that is available to lend. Tier I Capital – In simple words this capital is freely available with the bank to lend out. Tier II Capital- This is the capital tied up somewhere and is less freely available to lend. In case of an adverse event, the bank can use this capital to lend. Under Basel III norms, a bank’s tier 1+tier 2 capital must be a minimum of 8% of its risk-weighted holdings. The minimum capital adequacy ratio, also including the capital conservation buffer, is 10.5%. Current Account Saving Account (CASA)- There is no interest paid on the Current Account and a small interest rate is paid on a savings account. The combination of both is called CASA which shows the liabilities of the bank on which it pays relatively less interest. Deposits: Bank deposits are a savings product that customers can use to hold an amount of money at a bank for a specified length of time. In return, the financial institution will pay the customer the relevant amount of interest, based on how much they choose to deposit and for how long. Now let us come to NPA. Gross NPA (GNPA): It is the total loans on which no payment has been paid for 90 days or more. GNPA % is usually shown in each Bank’s quarterly results. The percentage is basically the GNPA amount as a % of the total advances. Slippages: Slippages denote the fresh amount of loans that have turned bad in a year. The slippage ratio of a bank is calculated as Fresh accretion of NPAs during the year /Total standard assets at the beginning of the year multiplied by 100. Provisioning Coverage Ratio (PCR): This is the ratio of provisioning to GNPA and indicates the extent of funds a bank has kept aside to cover loan losses. For Instance, a company has GNPAs of Rs 100 and they have set aside 50 Rs, then the PCR is 50%. Net NPA (NNPA): The total figure left after deducting provisions made for bad loans from GNPA. (GNPA – Provisions+upgrades/writeoffs = NNPA) Special Mention Account (SMA) SMA-0 is a category in which stress with respect to the principal and interest has remained overdue for a period of 0 to 30 days. SMA-1 is a category in which stress with respect to the principal and interest has remained overdue for a period of 30-60 days. SMA-2 is a category in which stress with respect to the principal and interest has remained overdue for a period of 60-90 days

..... . VALI disclosures . .....

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Thursday, June 4, 2026

04/06/26, Investigation into Rajesh Exports

Regulator says company hampered SEBI’s probe

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